Nursing Theorist Grid Essay Example for Free

Nursing Theorist Grid Essay 1. Theorist Selected: Florence Nightingale 2. Description of key points of the theory: Components of Nightingale’s philosophy, now recognized as a theory, are Environment, Person, Health, and Nursing (Bolton, 2010). Nightingales Canons are as follows: Ventilation, and warming-â€Å"Keep the air he breathes as pure as the external air, without chilling him† Health of houses- â€Å"Five essential points in securing the health of houses: pure air, pure water, efficient drainage, cleanliness, and light.† Petty management- â€Å"Not knowing how to manage that what you do when you are there, shall be done when you are not there. † Noise-â€Å"Unnecessary noise, or noise that creates an expectation in the mind, is that which hurts the patient.† Variety – change the walls or ceilings instead of the patient having to look at the same thing day in and day out. Taking food and what food-Patients should eat regularly and the proper diet (pureed, clear or full liquid). Bed and bedding-bedding must be clean and patients should not be laying on bunched up bedding Light-light and sunlight present, patient should not be kept in the dark Cleanliness of rooms and walls-clean areas for the patient to reside in Personal cleanliness-the skin is the body’s greatest barrier to infection and it must be kept clean Chattering hopes and advices- honesty and do not provide false hopes Observation of the sick-changes in status must be noticed immediately and reported to the proper person (Nightingale, 1860) 3. Theory’s historical background: At age 17 Nightingale believed she was called by God into his service to help mankind. She had great compassion and sympathy for people of all types. She suffered in silence for years because it was improper for someone of her social status to be involved with actual  physical work and her greatest desire was to help the truly poor. She fought with her family for years before they finally allowed her to go to Germany to the Institution of Deaconessess to study nursing. She studied there for three months and returned home. Two years later she was allowed to practice nursing. After her travel to Scutari to care for wounded soldiers during the Crimean War, she developed her nursing theory. She felt there was a need to define nursing and reform hospital environments rather than provide new nursing knowledge. She is the founder of modern nursing because of her work in nursing and nursing education. She started a school of nursing at St. Thomas Hospital in England. Nightingale clarified that nursing knowledge is distinct from medical knowledge. Complete the following grid based on the selected theorist information. Define each term according to the selected theorist. Explain how the selected theorist’s approach to each element of the metaparadigm applies to the following: Nursing practice- Nightingale identified the metaparadigm of nursing: person, environment, health, and nursing. It is the role of the nurse to modify the environment in a way to obey natural laws, by that providing an environment in which perfection could be achieved. The environmental aspects of Nightingale’s theory (ventilation, warmth, quiet, diet, and cleanliness) remain to be integral components of nursing care. Utilization of Nightingale’s theory helps the nurse have a beginning focal point and allows the nurse to view the client as an individual who interacts with and lives in an environment that may or may not be beneficial to optimal health (Bolton, 2010). Nursing education- Nursing is a work of art and science. Nightingale was the first to suggest that nurses be specially educated and trained for their position in health care. This allowing standards of care in the field of nursing, which improves overall healthcare of patients. Nightingale’s principles of Nurse training provided a custom plan for early nurse training school beginning with St. Thomas Hospital. Nightingale believed that all nurses should be well educated and practice independently.  She used brief case studies in her teachings. Nightingale encouraged independence of nursing school from the hospital to safeguard students from becoming involved in the labor pool as part of their training. Good practice can only result from good education. Nursing research- Nightingale’s interest in scientific inquiry and statistics continues to define the scientific inquiry used in nursing research (Alligood Tomey, 2010). Nightingales concepts served as the groundwork for research to test modern theories. â€Å"She established a firm tradition of basing nursing practice on carefully collected and analyzed data, the forerunner of today’s evidence-based practice emphasis† (Fitzpatrick Kazer, 2011, pp. 377-379). Her empirical approach to solving problems was visible from her work. Nightingale used a convincing argument with statistics, whereby she compared the mortality rates of soldiers in wartime military and nonmilitary situations with civilian men of comparable age. She invented the polar-area or pie-chart diagrams where each wedge was brightly colored to represent certain conditions. Term Definition Person Nightingale focused on the person as the recipient of nursing care (Selanders, 2010). She believed that nurses should focus on the patient and their needs, not the disease in which they are stricken with. She knew that people were multidimensional and wrote about their biological, psychological, social and spiritual requirements. Nightingale emphasized that people had reparative powers and that the nurses duty was to facilitate these forces with the means of returning people to health. (Selanders, 2010) Health Nightingale defined health as â€Å"able to use well every power we have to use.† Nightingale viewed disease is a correctable process. Nightingale contemplated the maintenance of health through prevention of disease by environmental control and social responsibility. What she described led to â€Å"public health nursing and the more modern concept of health promotion (Bolton, 2010, Chapter 5, Nightingaless Philosophy in Nursing Practice). Nursing The work of nursing is described as putting â€Å"the patient in the best condition for nature to act upon him† highlighting fresh air, light, warmth, cleanliness, quiet, and the proper diet. Kindness and touch should also be included. Nursing is a spiritual calling. Three types of nursing include nursing proper (nursing the sick), general nursing (health promotion) and midwifery nursing. Nursing is specifically different and separate from medicine. The work of nursing is so important that it should be thought of as a religious vow. Nightingale did not set out to develop a conceptual model of nursing, however, her writings contain the elements needed for nursing theories, a clear conceptualization of the client, nursing goals, and nursing interventions (Fitzpatrick Kazer, 2011, pp. 377-379). Environment The environment is the main priority in Nightingales theory. She clearly pointed out that clean environment, fresh air, warmth, noise control and management of wastes and odors were all ways that the environment could be altered to improve conditions so that nature could act to cure the patient (Selanders, 2010). She realized that internal and external environment controls were both paramount to the progress of the patients healing. She also knew that properly prepared food and clean water are also necessary to a patient’s healing process. References Alligood, M. R., Tomey, A. M. (2010). Nursing Theorists and Their Work (7th ed.). Maryland Heights, MO: Elsevier Health Sciences. Bolton, K. (2010). Nursing Theory: Utilization and Application (4th ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection Database. Fitzpatrick, J. J., Kazer, M. (2011). Encyclopedia of Nursing Research (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company. Nightingale, F. (1860). Notes on Nursing: What it is, and what it is not. : J.B. Lipincott Company. Sealanders, L. C. (2010, March). The Power of Environmental Adaptation. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 28(1), 81-88

Abortion - Is it Safe? Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Abortion - Is it Safe?      Ã‚   If you have been told that abortion is a "safe and legal" procedure, please keep reading. Many problems can occur either during or after a legal abortion. Most people are unaware of the many dangers associated with abortion.    Ten percent of women undergoing elective abortion will suffer immediate complications, of which one-fifth are considered life-threatening. The most common complications that can occur at the time of an abortion are: ripping or perforation of the uterus, excessive bleeding, infection, embolism, convulsions, hemorrhage, cervical injury, endotoxic shock, fever, second degree burns, vomiting, and chronic abdominal pain. You can learn more by reading "Physical Health Risks of Abortion: Scientific Studies Reveal Significant Risk," from the Elliot Institute.    Over 750 papers have been published regarding the risks to abortive women. Women fall into one of two categories: normal risk or high risk. Several types of women are at significantly higher risk for post-abortion problems. They should be particularly aware of the greater potential for complications.    Women under 20 experience a 2 times greater risk of medical complications than for women aged 25-29 (CJPH 73 (1982): 396-400). One woman in 24 (4.1%) have experienced immediate medical complications. (These have included severe bleeding, infection, perforation of the uterus, and part of the baby being retained.)(CJPH 73 (1982):396-400). 150% greater risk of cervical injury than for women over 30 years of age(NEJM 309 (1983):621-4). Women who've had a previous abortion have a 200% increased risk of miscarriage after two or more abortions (JAMA 243 (1980): 2495-9). 160% increased risk o... ...6 American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 166 (1992):100-103 American Journal of Public Health 72 (1982):253-6 Bernadell Technical Bulletin 1 (1989):1-2 British Journal of Cancer 43 (1981):72-6 British Medical Journal 290 (1985):907-9 Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 24 (1979):610-20 Canadian Journal of Publid Health 73 (1982): 396-400. Human Medicine 7 (1991):3:203-9. Journal of the American Medical Association 243 (1980):2495-9 McGovern, Celeste. "Hag-Ridden by Post-Abortion Guilt." British Columbia Report, 10/18/93; British Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 87 (1980):1115-22 New England Journal of Medicine 309 (1983):621-4 Somerville, Scott, Esq. "Before You Choose." AIM publications 10/1/93. Willke, J.C., M.D. The Deadly After-Effect of Abortion: Breast Cancer. Cincinnati, OH: Hayes Publishing, 1993.

Never Let Me Go: Film vs Novel Comparison

Can a movie ever be as good as a book? While it is true that books allow the readers to plunge into the narrator’s thoughts and perceive the events through a particular point of view, films themselves are a masterpiece in their own kind of way. The boat scene in the novel Never Let Me Go by Kazuo Ishiguro, which reunites Kathy, Ruth, and Tommy, after so many years of leading separate lives, plays a significant role in both the book and the film. Though the film adaptation certainly modifies this passage by adding and omitting certain features, the film adaption still stays very true to the book.Perhaps the strongest difference is the emphasis of Kathy and Tommy’s relationship in the film, which appears a few chapters later in the book. Moreover, the film, with its beautiful scenery and music, manages to embellish the melancholic mood of the scene, in order to make it more powerful than in the book. The passage in the novel starts by giving vivid descriptions of the sett ing, which are used to establish the desolate atmosphere displayed throughout of the scene. The author’s particular diction plays a key role to emphasize this feeling.Phrases such as â€Å"there was open marshland as far as we could see†, â€Å"the pale sky looked vast†, and â€Å"it reflected every so often in the patches of water breaking up the land† are the main indicators that help us picture the setting. The syntax is primarily lengthy and detailed sentences. These sentences help establish the mood as rather isolated and passive. The expression â€Å"ghostly dead trunks poking out of the soil† even goes further than this passive mood by providing a sense of gloominess.Little details, such as â€Å"you could hear the squelch in our shoes† add a touch of realism and provide a better picture of the scene. The description of the boat that follows makes the reader wonder upon its symbolism and the character’s struggle for identity th roughout the book. Here, once more, the word choice implies that it is old and dilapidated. The boat, described as having â€Å"cracking paint† and â€Å" timber frames [†¦] crumbling away† demonstrates that it is trapped on the shores of the beach and is devoid from its freedom.This very much relates to the lives of the characters, in the sense that they too do not have the freedom to lead the life they dreamed of living. As readers, we start to question the purpose of the clones’ life. It is their role to keep â€Å"real† people alive, but does their role stop there? It is clear to see how the characters struggle upon finding their own identity and the meaning of their lives throughout the book, in the way in which they attempt to create art and keep a collection box, which they use to distinguish themselves from their classmates.As the novel progresses, it is evident that this search for identity ultimately leads the characters to spending more ti me searching upon the meaning of their lives rather than actually living their lives. We would like to see Ruth work in an office, Kathy and Tommy doing something they like and build up a true life. Unfortunately, the characters  ¬Ã¢â‚¬â€œlike the beached boat– cannot serve their â€Å"true† purpose. Just like we would expect a boat to sail the sea, we would expect the characters to live their life. The last part of the passage involves a dialogue that shows both Ruth’s fear of completing and the theme of complacency in the book.Indeed, as the characters start talking about Chrissie completing on her first donation, Kathy mentions that Rodney is â€Å"okay†, and that â€Å"he thought Chrissie wouldn’t have minded too much† completing on her first donation. Ruth responds angrily that â€Å"how could he possibly know how Chrissie would have felt? † as it was not him that was â€Å"clinging to life†. The author adds that her exp ression is â€Å"hard† and â€Å"stern†. Ruth shows by defending Chrissie so ardently that she is tired of people assuming clone’s feelings, and wants to cry out that completing is something that scares her, and that probably scares a lot of clones too.Disturbingly though, at the end of the passage, Ruth states herself that â€Å"It felt right† to become a donor, because â€Å"after all, it’s what we’re supposed to be doing. † Tommy, on his part, also states that he â€Å"didn’t mind, really† becoming a donor. It is frustrating for the readers to see how easily these characters accept their fate. Even Ruth –who seems deeply affected by the idea of completing– has no trouble saying that it is what she is supposed to do anyways. It is almost as if she is the one to blame for her fears, not society, as she is the one who is not strong enough to deal with her responsibility.The movie, by contrast to the book, u ses film techniques to communicate a much more melancholic environment. We see a long shot of the setting, and as the camera pauses on the panoramic view of the marshland, the moment resembles a frozen picture. We see in the fist plane the marshlands, then to the side and further away we can distinguish the characters standing in a corner, staring at the beach beyond them. In the middle of this vast beach, the abandoned boat standing alone can be distinguished, behind it, a flat blue sea, and above, a dark grey sky.The incidental music that evokes sorrow stops playing at this point, and is instead replaced by the soothing sound of the ocean and seagulls. While it is true that the descriptions in the book give us a pretty good image of the place, nothing can replace the beautiful, deserted view displayed in the movie. This not only accentuates the feeling of isolation, but also gives rise to a sense of melancholy that affects the desolate mood of the passage. The scene then cuts into a mid-close up of Tommy longingly running towards the boat, which marks another difference with the book.As the camera zooms in, we notice the boat resembles the one depicted in the book (old, paint coming off, etc. ) and Tommy, as he sits on the boat, smiles and waves at the girls beyond. However, though Tommy feels happy, we cannot help but feel pity and sorrow for him. First, the way he is panting and pressing his hand against his chest makes us feel concerned about his deteriorating health. Then, the way he pretends to sail the boat like a little kid shows that despite being a complacent donor, Tommy longs to sail the world, to live his life.The reality is that he will never be able to. Again, this is tied to the symbolism found in the book: the characters are like beached boats, deprived of their freedom and their ability to live their life. At last, as the characters are discussing in the beach, a bigger emphasize on the love relationship between Kathy and Tommy is present in the film. While the book mentions that Ruth and Tommy are sitting next to each other on the beach, it is Kathy and Tommy that are shown next to each other in the film.As the characters engage in conversation, the camera shifts back and forth in a close up between Ruth –displayed alone– and the two others. This allows us to focus more on the characters’ facial expressions, which helps us decipher how they feel. In the scene, Kathy’s expression shows she is rather sad, Ruth looks more distressed, and Tommy is the happiest of them all. While talking about donors completing on their first donation, Ruth, just like in the book, makes a bitter remark that â€Å"it happens more often than they tell us.†And just like in the book, Tommy adds smilingly that he makes a good donor. So though the theme of conformity is present by the way Tommy smiles, the fact that Ruth doesn’t show that she is also complacent lessens the frustrated feeling we get in th e book when Ruth complains about being a donor yet later adds that â€Å"It’s what we are supposed to do. † Instead, the film incorporates a dialogue that occurs later in the book. It is Ruth’s apology to Kathy and Tommy for having kept them apart all these years, because she was jealous and scared no one would love her.To make up for her mistake, she has found Madame’s address with the hope that they will apply for a deferral. The melancholic mood mentioned in the paragraph above combines perfectly with Ruth admitting that Kathy and Tommy should have been together all along. As Kathy looks away from the camera and replies â€Å"It’s too late for that now, Ruth† the mood becomes even more tragic. However, the fact that Tommy accepts the paper with Madame’s address arises a spark of hope into us; hope that they will manage to get a deferral, and live a few years happy without worrying about their obligation to society just yet.In all, the film does incorporate some elements not present in the book, but the overall message depicted remains the same. The film though, due to its visual means as way to communicate with the public, blends in the beautiful view of the sea with melancholic background music to intensify the regretful mood of the scene. It incorporates Ruth’s apology and emphasizes Tommy and Kathy’s love relationship to add significance to the passage. In both cases, the boat can be seen as the finite nature of true freedom.Though it was once new and could sail the world, the boat is now trapped on the shores of the beach, just like the characters are trapped in their society, and unable to change their fate. In both mediums, the characters show their complacency towards completing, the book, however, gives a stronger emphasis on the fact that Ruth is scared. We can very well imagine her fear of completing, but we cannot understand why she later calls it â€Å"alright. † This in turn makes us wonder if it is better to suppress our emotions and live accepting of our fate, however unfair it may be, or if it is better to rebel and respond to our rage.

The Connection between Current News and Social Media Engagement - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2277 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/04/10 Category Society Essay Level High school Topics: Social Media Essay Did you like this example? For that reason, journalists have developed ways to attain information and report the information. Social media has been the impelling cause of newspaper and other news outlets. Sixty-eight percent of American adults get their information through social media, with Facebook being the common website used for news. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Connection between Current News and Social Media Engagement" essay for you Create order (Matsa Elisa Shearer, 2018). This shouldnt be a shock, because according to statista.com, just in the third quarter, Facebook had 2.27 billion monthly active users. Just note that the material on the website statista.com provides is active users that have logged onto Facebook within the last 30 days. In 2017, Facebook had reached 1 billion, which means within a year difference that number increased. From that fact, it is conclusive that the news being shared by the network sites are being commented, shared, reposted, and liked by millions of users within minutes of the news being released. The medias tactic in distributing information to the consumer changes the way people interpret breaking news. Also, if a mistake is done through information shared on social networking sites it is easier to go back and edit the mistake as opposed to print someone cant just go back and fix a mistake. The conduction of this qualitative research will focus on the effects social media has created on the consumer in regards to breaking news consumption. Literature Review With Facebook being the number one news outlet, Twitter is the second social networking site with a high consumer percentage for newsworthy content. According to the Pew Research Center on journalism.org, in 2015, Twitter had sixty-three percent of U.S. adults using the site to grasp news. In 2018, the monthly active users around the world for Twitter in the third quarter averaged at 326 billion monthly active users, according to statista.com. Twitter is a 280-word count text that allows you to write a quick and easy message to get out to the readers. By simply pressing the retweet button she or he is automatically sharing information on their profile that allows ones followers to now see what they have shared. Also, clicking and creating hashtags, which is the number symbol followed by a quick word or two, can lead ones post or stories about specific event topics and current happenings. In addition, on the top of the app page when you go on the search engine on Twitter there will be a box that contains the top news or the trending topic of the day. That part of the box is constantly being updated with news information, which makes the consumer view and share the information amongst others. Twitter enhances an opportunity to classify the breaking and sharing of new information. Information can present how quickly news gets shared and how rapidly the subject shows related tweets (Williams Reade, 2016). Using Twitter or other social media platforms as a medium for distributing breaking-news stories has shown to be effective. For example, President Donald Trump uses Twitter as his main platform to express his opinions on certain situations regarding news about the world. Whether it is political or not, he uses twitter instead of news media to communicate with society and the world. With many news consumers searching for instant gratification, social media has made it easier for consumers to access breaking news and have the accessibility to share those stories to masses. Amy Reynolds and Brook Barnett conducted a study on the live coverage of September 11 and how national TV went about it. According to Reynolds and Barnett, journalists dont have time to verify information when it comes to breaking news as opposed to traditional reporting does (Reynolds Barnett, 2003). When it comes to traditional reporting he or she has to set up interviews, do some research on the information needed, then report what he or she has written which, needs to get edited and confirmed for publication. For this reason, when sharing news through social media outlets, the information is posted and received much more quickly by the masses. For instance, Facebook has live streaming which makes it a greater networking site for sharing news a lot quicker. Also, live streaming has the ability to share what is happening at the given moment and time. Streaming is beneficial in the sense that you dont need to wait for a file to be downloaded then view it. Since people watch news t hrough media sources, by the time news reaches the newspaper it already becomes a day old and people will ignore it. According to Ben S. Wasike, amongst 200 to over 500 million active users, Twitter has become one of the most popular networking sites for quick and short posts (Wasike, 2013). Because reporters often need to distribute breaking news in an instant, Twitter is useful for sharing information rapidly. For instance, in downtown Bozeman, there was an explosion that occurred on March 5, 2009. Since reporters werent around during the incident, people were recording and photographing the incident and posting it on Twitter. The news broke out before it was even brought to print or media broadcastings on TV (Wasike, 2013). This comes to show how much news on social media is very much existent and influential to consumers. In a study conducted by Katherine Haenschen, the Internet plays a big role in engaging the consumers to participate in political voting (Haenschen, 2016). By doing so neither the democrat or republican party are having the consumers engage, learn, and self-inform for the voting. Furthermore, by having connections in the media social network organizations and political campaigns are able to rally voters. Many other social media platforms like YouTube use their video stream to campaign and promote in the ads so viewers can get a glimpse of who is campaigning for that term. Ads have become as of great use for promoting as well as to get the consumer to click on the ad for more information that is given. Another thing about ads people are forced to watch most of the time at least 5-20 seconds of it before you can skip the ad. When presidential elections are occurring, social media is constantly updating the social networks of the candidates running for elections. Prior to that, the consu mers are receiving and sharing content amongst others. A common thing found in social media networks is polls. A poll in social media content allows the person to see the status of ones voting and is commonly used for politics in election campaigns for candidates. According to Haenschen, the using of Internet in American adults in 1983 was 1.4 percent, whereas in 2013 it rose up to 87 percent (Haenschen, 2016). Nowadays, the Internet is your television, your news, your telephone and so much more, which is history in the making. According to Spencer T. Johnson and Ann Dutton Ewbank, when looking over news content, students should be able to analyze and understand what they are reading whether it be breaking news or current events (Johnson Ewbank, 2018). One of the examples that was given in the study was how students should be careful when it comes to political voting because students are younger, they may just vote for the candidate that is most known of, but should also understand the good or bad impact the candidate will be. Therefore, breaking or real news in social media is helpful information to the youth and adults. Edson Tandoc and Erika Johnson conducted research where they proposed that Twitter is the social media outlet that college students most used. Tandoc and Johnsons study examines how college students receive their breaking news. The participant was asked to choose one media outlet, from a pool of digital, multimedia, and written news sources (Tandoc Johnson, 2016). Tandoc and Johnson advise that because social media plays a big part in the distribution of breaking news, there is a higher chance that sharing news would rise up during a bad time. For instance, when an incident happens it is usually shared on social media and the consumers use that outlet to get more information on the incident. How do breaking news media outlets make it to the masses? According to Janani Kalyanam, Mauricio Quezada, Barbara Poblete, and Gert Lanckriet, online social network reports information or news rapidly making it the main source for breaking news (Kalyanam, Quezeda, Poblete, Lanckriet, 2016). Dep ending on the information given online, if a lot of people share and view the news, then the social media networks get more attention. By giving content likes, shares, and comments, the news becomes popular and is seen amongst many people (Kalyanam, Quezeda, Poblete, Lanckriet, 2016). On an occasion, someone on social media had shared a photograph of a dress that went viral back in 2015. The photograph went viral because people were debating whether the dress on the picture was black and blue or gold and white. That goes to show how a small thing that doesnt have meaning can end up being the trend for not just days but weeks, which also explains how much social networking has up risen and has viewers updated with trending topics. But the question is why would people distribute information through social media instead of in a face-to-face situation. According to Jayson L. Dibble and Timothy R. Levine, people are reluctant to share bad news. Reasons include self-presentation and sensitivity to receiver emotionality (Dibble Levine, 2013). Through their research, it is expressed that the closer you are to someone, the harder it becomes to share bad news to them. It is very common that not all, but some people have difficult time with expressing themselves and what is on ones mind and becomes much easier to just express ones feelings on social media. This can be a factor as to why people choose to inform bad news through an online social media platform, rather than in person. For example, in todays society, everyone relies on their electronics, specifically their phone. It gives them so much more freedom on deciding what they want to do. It also makes it easier to just call or text someone than to make sure the person is home, get in their car and drive to the person you would like to share some news or important information. Those extra efforts are unnecessary now and prefer the easier route to take and just do a simple phone call. The next question is, how news outlets classify what is newsworthy? Does it have sufficient information to be shared on social media? According to Monika Bednarek, journalists use a setoff news value, such as negativity, to measure and judge events newsworthiness. (Bednarek, 2016). According to Bednarek, a lot of news industries are accommodated to help journalists share and publicize stories to have the consumer become more interested in what they are reading. Bednarek implies that the right tools and support of data scientists is to look over information about a story, which helps a journalist with writing skills, photographs, and written stories will be liked and shared some more than others. (Badnarek, 2016). Having these assets in a newsroom makes a journalists work newsworthy, but reading and obtaining stories is a choice made by the consumer and how they want to distribute important information. According to the book, A First Look at Communication Theory written by Em Griff in, Andrew Ledbetter, and Glenn Sparks, selective exposure is the tendency people have to avoid information that would create cognitive dissonance because its incompatible with their current beliefs, (Griffin, Ledbetter, Sparks.) People choose to see and hear what they want and decide how they want to obtain and share information. Professionals hypothesize that this occurs in order to reduce dissonance. If one has been through a situation the person can understand and relate. In an example, if you tell a child to behave, they will be given a lollipop, they choose to see and hear what is in their convenience. Because they see that if they do well, they will be rewarded with a candy. Their way of thinking transitions to do well and it conditions them to know that the next time it happens they will know their reward. This happens in the real world and in the media, people choose to see and hear what they want. Its an option, not forced. Politically charged stories are the epitome of s elective exposure. According to Steve Paulussen and Raymond A. Harder, studies have proposed that social media has become popular in various categories such as celebrity, sports, and political news (Paulussen Harder, 2014). Political parties like democrats and republicans will read and see stories that come to their advantage depending what party they are running for. According to Florian Arendt, Nina Steindl, and Anna Kmpel, despite the variety of media messages available, audience members tend not to allocate their media choices and available time equally. This is an example of selection in mediated news (Arendt, Steindl, Kmpel). Another example of this is how certain political parties try and reach out to A-list celebrities so in return they get the exposure from their fans and followers. They end up winning because they gain new followers and it shows how mainstream they are. Adding to this matter, many music artists focusing more on the multicultural side, tending to talk about many political ha ppenings in the present tense. When an artist makes a music video, they always show some type of diplomatic statement so their fans and followers will see it and talk about it. A video that was well-talked about amongst thousands of people was a song called This is America by the artist Childish Gambino. The music video shows content that is shocking sending viewers a message how gun and violence in America is dealt with. This music video had many people talking and sharing posts on social media site like Twitter.